VAN NOSTRAND’S
`
`
`SCIENTIFIC
`ENCYCLOPEDIA
`
`Tenth Edition
`
`VOLUME2
`
`
`Glenn D. Considine
`Editor-in-Chief
`
`Peter H. Kulik
`Associate Editor
`
`CHANNAHON, IL 60410-0300
`
`THREE RIVERS PUBLIC LIBRARY
`25207 W. CHANNON DRIVE
`P.O. BOX 309
`
`()WILEY-INTERSCIENCE
`A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication
`
`1
`
`APPLE 1024
`
`1
`
`APPLE 1024
`
`

`

`Copyright ©2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
`
`.
`
`Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
`Published simultaneously in Canada
`
`Nopart ofthis publication may be reproduced,storedin a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
`recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission
`of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA
`01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions
`Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.
`
`Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make norepresentations or
`warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability orfitness for a
`particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be
`suitable for yoursituation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authorshall be liable for any loss ofprofit or any other
`commercial damages, including but notlimited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
`
`For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Departmentwithin the United States at (800)
`762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002.
`
`Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some contentthat appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information
`about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:,
`
`f
`
`| er)
`
`0-G1b03 [1
`
`Wi
`
`;
`
`3 1561 00212 9991
`
`Van Nostrand’s scientific encyclopedia. — 10th ed.2:/: edited by Glenn D.
`Considine.
`_—
`p. cm.
`Includes index.
`“Three volumeset.”
`ISBN 978-0-471-74338-5 (cloth)
`1. Science—Encyclopedias. 2. Engineering —Encyclopedias.
`Glenn D.
`IL Title: Scientific encyclopedia.
`Q121.V3 2008
`503-dce22
`
`I. Considene,
`
`2007046658
`
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`10987654321
`
`2
`
`€
`

`

`O
`
`IMAGE PROCESSING
`
`2649
`
`Hamilton, D.P.: “Efficient Bulb Sees (Most of) The Light,” Science, 1084 (Novem-
`; ber 22, 1990).
`Hurlburt, A.C. and T.A. ees “Synthesizing a Color Algorithm fromn Examples
`Science, 482 (January 29, 1988),
`Kubel, E.J., Jr.: “Surface Treatment with a High-Intensity Arc Lamp,” tea
`Materials & Processes, 37 (September 1990).
`Lieberman, K. et al.; “A Light Source Smaller Than the Optical Wavelength,”
`Science, 59 (January 5, 1990).
`Lindsey, J., et al.; Applied Illumination Engineering, Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper
`, Saddle River, NJ, 1997.,
`;
`Peterson,I.: “Putting a Far Finer Point on Visible Light,” Science News, 7 (January
`6, 1990).
`“Bubble Light in the Blink of an Eye,” Science News, 292 (May I1,
`Peterson, I.:
`1991).
`Roberts, G.G.: “The Bridge of Technology (Light Sources),” Review ue Univ. of
`Wales), 57 (Spring 1989).
`Ross, P.E.: “A Million Watts of Light: World's Most Powerful Light.” Sci. Amer.,
`138 (November 1990).
`Schivelbusch, W. and A. Davies (Editor): Disenchanted Night —The Industrializa-
`tion of Light in the Nineteenth Century, University of California Press, a
`CA, 1995.
`Walker, J.: “The Colors Seen in the Sky Offer Lessons in Optical Scattering,” Sci.
`Amer.,' 102 (January 1989).
`Williams, D,: “Let There Be Lights!” Case Alumnus, 2 (Spring/Summer 1992).
`
`ILLUVIATION.
`
`SeeSoil.
`
`ILMENITE. A mineral oxideof iron and titanium, FeTiO3. Magnesium
`and manganous manganese mayreplace ferrousiron to form a complete
`isomorphousseries between ilmenite, and its magnesium-manganese end
`members, geikielite and pyrophanite. It crystallizes in the rhombohedral
`division of the hexagonal system; hardness, 5-6; specific gravity, 4.72;
`brittle, with uneven to conchoidal fracture. Crystals tabular, rarely rhom-
`bohedral, also massive, lamellar, granular. Color, iron black; opaque, with
`metallic to dull luster.
`Ilmenite occurs as a commonaccessory mineral in both igneous and
`metamorphic rocks, and as heavy concentrations in certain black beach
`sands with magnetite, rutile, and zircon. Also found in pegmatites and as
`vein deposits. Valuable deposits are found in Norway; Sweden; Mexico;
`Finland;
`IIlmen Mountains, former U.S.S.R.; Canada; England; Brazil;
`and Italy. Brazil and India are rich in beach sand deposits. United
`States localities include California, Idaho, Colorado, Wyoming, Arkansas,
`Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Orange County and
`the Adirondack Mountain Deposits in New York, and as beach sands in
`Florida north of St. Augustine.
`Namedafter the Ilmen Mountains, former U.S.S.R.
`
`IMAGE. A two-dimensional array of data with values at each element
`ofthe array related to an intensity or a color. An imageistypically defined
`as the result of some type of imagecollection system; however, it could
`be the representation in two dimensions ofany data by intensity or color.
`
`IMAGE COMPRESSION.
`See Data Compression.
`IMAGE DISSECTOR CAMERA SYSTEM(IDCS). See Nimbus
`Satellite Program.
`
`Theprocess of changing the display levels
`IMAGE ENHANCEMENT.
`in an image to highlight particular information in the image. This includes,
`but
`is not
`limited, to, contrast improvement, edge enhancement, spatial
`filtering, noise suppression, image smoothing, and image sharpening. The
`result of this process is an enhanced image.
`See also Photography and Imagery.
`
`IMAGE FILES. See File Types.
`
`IMAGE PROCESSING. The use of automated or, manual techniques
`to provide the means of assessing, preprocessing, extracting features,
`classifying, identifying, and displaying the original or processed imagery
`for subjective evaluation, interpretation, and further interaction with the
`data.
`
`Fig. 10. Examples of direct glare where the eye ofa person at a workingposition
`can see the lampdirectly. (GE Lighting.)
`
`
`
`
`
`Exampleofreflected glare from internal reflections within a luminaire,
`Fig. 11.
`(GE Lighting.)
`
`Fig. 12. Exampleofveiling reflection, where light from the luminaire is reflected
`back to the visual path of the worker. (GE Lighting.)
`
`eeewater
`
`i °
`
`" Spiraling gas
`
`column Quartz tube
`
`ma Argon gas
`
`me Water
`Gas and water
`: to tank
`t
`i
`Fig. 13. Sectional view of a 300-kW arc lamp. The arc temperature is between
`12,000 and 13,000°C.’The Vortek lamputilizes a spiraling wall of water to cool
`a quartz containment tube and to wash away debris from its tungsten electrode.
`It is estimated that'the arc SoperenNe is about one-half the temperature ofthe
`surface of the sun.
`
`Additional Reading
`Baker, H.: "A Bright Idea,” Advanced Materials & Processes, 8 (May 1989).
`Brou, P., et al.: “The Color of Things,” Sci. Amer., 84 (September 1986).
`Buckwald, J.D.: The Rise of the Wave Theory of Light: Optical Theory and
`Experiment
`in the Early Nineteenth Century, University of Chicago Press,
`Chicago, IL, 1990.
`Cherfas, J.: “Skeptics and Visionaries Examine Energy Savings (Fluorescent
`Bulbs),”Science, 154 (January 11, 1991).
`“
`Corcoran, E.: “Body Heat: QWIPs Offer a New Way to See in the Dark,” Sci. Amer.,
`123 (October 1991).
`Greenberg, D.P.: “Light Reflection Models for Computer Graphics,” Science, 166
`(April 14, 1989).
`
`ee
`
`GREBSALBE
`eHieesn
`
`“aay=
`
`aR
`aaA
`
`=a\qoi
`
`3
`
`