software, the Internet, and more!
`
`Fully updated with the latest
`technologies, terms, and Een)
`| Easy to read, expertly illustrated
`Definitive coverage of hardware,
`
`sine Editions
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`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. Nopart of the contents of this book may be reproducedor transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission ofthe publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary.--Sth ed.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 0-7356-1495-4
`
`1, Computers--Dictionaries.
`
`2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`
`AQ76.5.M52267
`004'.03--de21
`
`2002
`
`200219714
`
`Printed and boundin the United States of America.
`
`23456789 QWT 765432
`
`Distributed in Canada by H.B. Fenn and CompanyLtd.
`
`A CIPcatalogue recordfor this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers anddistributors worldwide. For further informa-
`tion about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329, Visit our Web site at www,microsoft.com/mspress.
`Send comments to mspinput@ microsoft.com.
`
`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveStore, ActiveSync, ActiveX, Authenticode,
`BackOffice, BizTalk, ClearType, Direct3D, DirectAnimation, DirectDraw, DirectInput, DirectMusic,
`DirectPlay, DirectShow, DirectSound, DirectX, Entourage, FoxPro, FrontPage, Hotmail, IntelliEye,
`IntelliMouse, IntelliSense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer, MS-DOS,
`MSN, Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV, Visio,
`Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro, Visual InterDev, Visual J++, Visual SourceSafe, Visual Studio,
`Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registered trademarks or
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein maybe the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places,
`and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product,
`domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event 1s intended or should be inferred.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
`
`BodyPart No. XO8-41929
`
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`

`Introduction
`
`The Microsoft Computer Dictionary, Fifth Edition is
`designedto be a comprehensive and authoritative source of
`definitions for computer-related terms and abbreviations.
`The dictionary includes terms drawn from a wide variety
`of topics relevant to computerusers, including software,
`hardware, networking, data storage, graphics, games,
`information processing, the Internet and the World Wide
`Web, gaming, history, jargon and slang, organizations, pro-
`gramming, and standards.
`
`Althoughthis book covers nearly every aspect of comput-
`ing, it does not include entries on most companies or on
`most makes and models of computers, nor does it contain
`entries on most application software products. The few
`exceptions to this rule of thumb are key companies and
`products that have a historical or universal importance
`within the computing industry.
`
`This dictionary emphasizes terminologythat the average
`computer user will encounter in documentation, online
`help, computer manuals, marketing and sales materials, the
`popular media, and the computertrade press. Because
`most computerusers operate personal computers and desk-
`top systems at home, work, or both, the majority ofthe
`entries in this dictionary coverthe terminologyusedin
`describing and working with these systems, However,
`some specialized or highly technical language is included
`that pertains to areas ofindustry, academia, software and
`hardware development, and research. These terms have
`beenincluded because they have a bearing on more com-
`mon computer terminologyor because they are ofhistori-
`cal significance.
`
`Changesin the Fifth Edition
`Thefifth edition of the Microsoft Computer Dictionaryhas
`been revised and expanded to include over 10,000 entries,
`reflecting the manyadvances in the computer field and
`
`including several areas that have come into prominence in
`the public eye, such as networking, Web authoring, and
`newtechnologies, such as .NET. The content from the Year
`2000 appendix has been integrated into the bodyofthe dic-
`tionary and a newappendix on emoticons and instant mes-
`saging symbols has been added.
`
`Order of Presentation
`
`Entries are alphabetizedbyletter. Spaces are ignored, as are
`characters such as hyphens andslashes; for example, Bau-
`dot codefalls between baud and baudrate, and machine-
`
`independent falls between machine identification and
`machine instruction, Numbers and symbols are locatedat
`the beginning ofthe book andare listedin ascending ASCII
`order. If an entry begins withaletter orletters but contains
`a number,it is listed alphabetically, according to the initial
`letter(s), and then according to ASCII order. Thus, W20
`precedes V.2x, and both precede VAB.
`
`Entries
`
`Entries are of two types: main entries, which contain full
`definitions, and synonymous cross-references, which con-
`tain See references to the appropriate main entries. Synon-
`ymous cross-references are generally secondaryorless
`commonways ofreferring to a main entry. The definition
`at the mainentry can be substituted as a definition for the
`synonymous cross-reference.
`
`Format
`
`Information in each mainentry is presentedin a consistent
`format: entry name in boldface, spelling variants (if any),
`part of speech, definition, illustration or table reference (if
`any), acronym(if any), alternative names (if any), and
`cross-references (if any).
`
`vii
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`Introduction
`
`Main Entries
`
`Entries that are acronyms or abbreviations for one or more
`words or concatenations of two or more words have those
`
`words spelled out at the beginning of the definition. The
`letters in these words or phrases that make up the acronym,
`abbreviation, or concatenation are in boldface.
`
`When a main entryis spelled exactly the same as another
`mainentry, the two entries are differentiated bythe use of a
`superscript numeral after each term. Theseentries are
`called homographs, and they are generally different parts
`of speech. For example,
`
`e-mail* (noun)
`e-mail? (verb)
`
`Spelling Variants
`Whena mainentryhas one or more variations in the wayit
`is spelled, each spelling variant follows the main entry,
`after the wordor.
`
`Parts of Speech
`Entries are broken downinto fourparts of speech, in addi-
`tion to prefixes, abbreviated as follows:
`n. noun
`vb. verb
`
`adj. adjective
`ady, adverb
`
`Definitions
`Eachofthe more than 10,000 entries is writtenin clear,
`
`standard English. Many go beyond asimpledefinition to
`provide additional detail and to put the termin context for
`a typical computeruser. Whenan entry has more than one
`sense or definition, the definitions are presented in a num-
`beredlist, to make it easier to distinguish the particular,
`sometimes subtle, variations in meaning.
`
`Illustration and Table References
`Some entries have affiliated illustrations ortables that aid
`
`in defining the entry. In most cases, illustrations and tables
`appear on the same pageas the entries to whichtheyapply.
`
`In some instances, however, page layout requirements have
`forced themto a subsequent page. Entries withillustrations
`or tables usually have references at the end of the definition
`for an entry, in the following formats:
`See the illustration.
`See the table.
`
`Acronyms
`Some terminologyin the computer field, particularly com-
`puter standards and Internet slang, can be shortenedto
`form acronyms. Sometimes the acronymis the more com-
`mon wayto refer to the concept or object: in these cases,
`the acronymis the mainentry. In other cases, the acronym
`is not as commonlyused as the words or phrase for which
`it stands. In these cases, the words or phrase constitute the
`main entry. The acronym is given after the definition for
`these entries in the following format:
`
`Acronym:
`
`Alternative Names
`
`Some items or concepts in the computerfield can be
`referred to by more than one name. Generally, though, one
`wayis preferred. The preferred terminologyis the main
`entry. Alternative names are listed after any acronyms;
`otherwise they are listed after the definition in the follow-
`ing format:
`Also called:
`
`Cross-References
`
`Cross-referencesare ofthree types: See, See also, and Com-
`pare. A Seereference is usedin anentrythat is a synony-
`mous cross-reference and simplypoints to another entry
`that contains the information sought. A See also reference
`points to one or more entries that contain additional or sup-
`plemental information about a topic and follows any acro-
`nymsoralternative names after the definition. A Compare
`reference points to an entryor entries that offer contrast and
`follows any See also references; otherwise it follows any
`acronyms or alternative names after the definition.
`
`viii
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`
`distributed database management system
`
`dithering
`
`distributed database management system 7. A data-
`base management system capable of managinga distrib-
`uted database. Acronym: DDBMS. See also distributed
`database.
`
`distributed denial of service attack n. See DDoS.
`
`distributed file system 7. A file management system in
`which files may be located on multiple computers con-
`nected over a local or wide area network. Acronym: DFS.
`
`distributed intelligence n. A system in which process-
`ing ability (intelligence)is distributed among multiple
`computers and other devices, each of which can work
`independently to some degree but can also communicate
`with the other devices to function as part of the larger sys-
`tem. See also distributed processing.
`
`distributed network n. A network in which processing,
`storage, and other functions are handled by separate units
`(nodes) rather than by a single main computer.
`
`distributed processing n. A form of information pro-
`cessing in which workis performed by separate computers
`linked through a communications network. Distributed
`processing is usually categorized as either plain distrib-
`uted processing or true distributed processing. Plain dis-
`tributed processing shares the workload among computers
`that can communicate with one another. True distributed
`
`processing has separate computers perform different tasks
`in such a waythat their combined work can contribute to a
`larger goal. The latter type of processing requires a highly
`structured environmentthat allows hardware and software
`
`to communicate, share resources, and exchange informa-
`tion freely.
`distributed services n. See BISDN.
`
`distributed system 1. A noncentralized network consist-
`ing of numerous computers that can communicate with
`one another and that appear to usersas parts of a single,
`large, accessible “storehouse” of shared hardware,soft-
`ware, and data.
`
`Distributed System Object Model n. IBM’s System
`Object Model (SOM) in a shared environment, where
`binary class libraries can be shared between applications
`on networked computers or between applications on a
`given system. The Distributed System Object Model com-
`plements existing object-oriented languages by allowing
`SOM class libraries to be shared amongapplications writ-
`
`ten in different languages. Acronym: DSOM. See also
`SOM (definition 1).
`
`distributed transaction processing n. Transaction pro-
`cessing that is shared by one or more computers commu-
`nicating over a network. Acronym: DTP. See also
`distributed processing, transaction processing.
`
`distributed workplace n. An environmentother than the
`traditional office or factory, in which work is carried out
`on a regular basis. The flexibility afforded by the combi-
`nation of communications and computing technologies
`enables many workers to conduct business anywhere the
`appropriate computer and data communicationsinfra-
`structure has been set up. See also SOHO,telecommute.
`
`distribution group n. A groupthat is used solely for e-
`mail distribution and that is not security-enabled. Distribu-
`tion groups cannotbelisted in discretionary access control
`lists (DACLs) used to define permissions on resources and
`objects. Distribution groups can be used only with e-mail
`applications (such as Microsoft Exchange) to send e-mail
`messagesto collections of users. If you do not need a
`group for security purposes, create a distribution group
`instead of a security group. See also discretionary access
`controllist, security group.
`
`distribution list . A list of recipients on an e-mail mail-
`ing list. This can be in the form ofeither a mailinglist pro-
`gram, such as LISTSERV,oran alias in an e-mail program
`for all recipients of an e-mail message. See also alias (def-
`inition 2), LISTSERV, mailinglist.
`distribution services n. See BISDN.
`
`distributive sort . An ordering process in whicha list is
`separated into parts and then reassembledin a particular
`order. See also sort algorithm. Compare bubblesort, inser-
`tion sort, merge sort, quicksort.
`
`distro* n. 1. A distribution of software (usuallya version
`of Linux), digital music, or an online magazine or e-zine.
`See also e-zine, Linux. 2. A companyor individual that
`sells items, typically software, music CDs, or books, via
`the Web.
`
`distro? vb. To distribute or sell software releases, digital
`music, or text items via the Web.
`
`dithering n. A technique used in computer graphics to
`create the illusion of varying shades of gray on a mono-
`chromedisplay or printer, or additional colors on a color
`display or printer. Dithering relies on treating areas of an
`
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`multiplier
`
`multiuser system
`
`is the same if the two are reversed—for example, 2 x 3 and
`3 x 2. In arithmetic performed by computers, however, the
`multiplicand is different from the multiplier because com-
`puter multiplication is usually performed as addition.
`Therefore, 2 x 3 means “add 2 three times,’ whereas 3 x 2
`means “add 3 two times.” See also factor. Compare multi-
`plier (definition 1).
`
`multiplier n. 1. In arithmetic, the number that indicates
`how many times another number(the multiplicand) is
`multiplied. See also factor. Compare multiplicand. 2. In
`computing, an electronic device independentofthe central
`processing unit (CPU) that performs multiplication by
`adding the multiplicand accordingto the value ofthe dig-
`its in the multiplier.
`
`multipoint configuration 7. A communications link in
`which multiple stations are connected sequentially to the
`same communicationsline. Typically, the communications
`line is controlled by a primary station, such as a computer,
`and the stations attachedto the line are secondary. See the
`illustration.
`
`
`
`Primary
`station
`
`attention some of the time. This way of workingis in con-
`trast to using the processor to run one program ata time.
`
`Multiprotocol Label Switching n. See MPLS.
`Multi-Protocol Over ATM n. See MPOA.
`
`Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions n. See MIME.
`
`Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions HTML n. See
`MHTML.
`
`multiscan monitor 7. A computer monitor capable of
`adapting to different video frequencies to accommodate
`multiple screen resolutions and to support different video
`adapters and graphics display methods.
`Multistation Access Unit n. See MAU.
`
`multisystem network 7. A communications network in
`which two or more host computers can be accessed by net-
`work users.
`
`multitasking n. A form of processing supported by most
`current operating systems in which a computer works on
`multiple tasks—roughly, separate “pieces” of work—
`seemingly at the same time by parceling out the proces-
`sor’s time amongthe different tasks. Multitasking can be
`either cooperative or preemptive. In the former, the operat-
`ing system relies on the task to voluntarily cede controlto
`anothertask; in the latter, the operating system decides
`whichtask receives priority. See also background!, con-
`text switching, cooperative multitasking, foreground!,
`time slice.
`
`multithreaded application ». A program capable of run-
`ning more than one program thread simultaneously. See
`also multithreading (definition 1), thread (definition 1).
`
`
`
` station 3
`
`Secondary
`station 1
`
`Secondary
`station 2
`
`Secondary
`
`Multipoint configuration.
`
`multiport repeater 7. See active hub.
`
`multithreading n. 1. The running of several processes in
`multiprocessing n. A mode of operation in which two or
`more connected and roughly equal processing units each
`rapid sequence (multitasking) within a single program.
`carry out one or more processes (programsorsets of
`See also thread (definition 1). 2. In data manipulation, a
`instructions) in tandem. In multiprocessing, each process-
`technique in which nodesinatree data structure contain
`ing unit works on a different set of instructions or on dif-
`pointers to higher nodes to maketraversal of the structure
`more efficient. See also thread (definition 2).
`ferent parts of the same process. The objective is increased
`speed or computing power, the sameasin parallel process-
`ing and in the use of special units called coprocessors.
`Compare coprocessor, parallel processing.
`
`multiuser n. See multiuser system.
`
`multi-tier n. See three-tier.
`
`multiprogrammingn. A form of processing in which a
`computer holds more than one program in memory and
`works on them in round-robin fashion—thatis, by sharing
`out the processor’s time so that each program receives some
`
`multiuser dungeon n. See MUD.
`multiuser simulation environment n. See MUD.
`
`multiuser system n. Any computer system that can be
`used by more than one person, Although a microcomputer
`
`
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`score
`
`screen grabber
`
`or local. Scope can also be affected by redefining identifi-
`ers, such as by giving the same nameto both a global vari-
`able and a local variable. See also block!(definition 3),
`global, local. 2. In electronics, slang for oscilloscope. See
`also oscilloscope.
`
`score #. When referring to a spelling checker, a score is
`a numberthat indicates how much a replacement word
`differs from the original misspelled word. A low score
`indicates that the misspelled word was changed slightly,
`while a high score indicates that the word was changed a
`great deal.
`
`SCP n. Acronymfor Simple Control Protocol. A light-
`weight peer-to-peer networking protocol for devices that
`have limited processing and memory resources and oper-
`ate over limited-bandwidth networks such as powerline
`carrier (PLC) systems. Products using SCP can interoper-
`ate with products using the Universal Plug and Play
`(UPnP), CEBus, and Home Plug & Play (HPnP) stan-
`dards. Developed by a team of companies including
`Microsoft and General Electric, SCP enables the interac-
`tion between UPnP devices, devices based on Internet Pro-
`
`tocol (IP), and non-IP-capable devices such as
`coffeemakers and alarm clocks. SCP, which was designed
`as a stand-alone protocol, can be used in residential, com-
`mercial, industrial, and utility applications. See also UPnP
`networking.
`SCRn. See silicon-controlledrectifier.
`
`scrambler n. A device or program that reorders a signal
`sequencein order to renderit indecipherable. See also
`encryption.
`
`scrap 7. An application or system file maintained for
`storing data that has been marked for movement, copying,
`or deletion. See also clipboard (definition 1).
`
`scratch? vb. To erase or discard data.
`
`scratchfile #. See scratch’.
`
`scratchpad ». 1. A temporary storage area used by a pro-
`gram or operating system for calculations, data, and other
`work in progress. See also scratch!, temporaryfile. 2. A
`high-speed memory circuit used to hold small items of
`data for rapid retrieval. See also cache.
`
`scratchpad memory n. See cache.
`
`scratchpad RAM n. Memory used by a central process-
`ing unit (CPU) for temporary data storage. Also called:
`scratchpad, scratchpad memory. See also central process-
`ing unit, register.
`
`scream vb. To operate at very high speed. For example, a
`modemthat can transfer data several times faster than the
`
`one it replaced or a computer with a very high clock speed
`could be said to “scream.”
`
`screamern. Slang for a piece of computer equipment
`that operates at a very high speed. Generally, “screamers”
`are the newest versions of a particular piece of equipment,
`such as a PC withthelatest, fastest microprocessor, or are
`comprised of multiple components that increase the oper-
`ating speed over standard models, such as a PC that has a
`huge amount of RAM (Random Access Memory), a high-
`performance video board, a superfast CD-ROM drive, and
`the latest microprocessor. However, as technology evolves
`and new,faster devices are introduced, yesterday's
`screamer rapidly becomes today’s snail.
`
`screen angle n. The angle at which the dots in a halftone
`screen are printed. A correct angle will minimize blur and
`other undesirable effects, such as moiré patterns. See also
`color separation (definition 1), halftone, moiré.
`screen buffer n. See video buffer.
`
`scrapbook ». 1. A file in whichaseries of text and graph-
`screen dump ». A duplicate of a screen image; essen-
`ical images can be saved for subsequent use. 2. A Macin-
`tially, a snapshot of the screen that is either sent to a
`tosh system file that can hold a numberoftext and
`printer or saved asa file.
`graphical images for later use. Compare clipboard (defini-
`screen flicker n. See flicker.
`tion 1).
`
`scratch? n. A memoryregion orfile used by a program
`or operating system to hold work in progress temporarily.
`Created and maintained usually without the end user’s
`knowledge, the scratch is needed only until the current
`session is terminated, at which time the data 1s saved or
`discarded. Also called: scratch file. See also temporary
`file. Compare scrap.
`
`screen font n. A typeface designed for display on a com-
`puter monitor screen. Screen fonts often have accompany-
`ing PostScript fonts for printing to PostScript-compatible
`printers. See also derived font, intrinsic font. Compare
`PostScript font, printer font.
`
`screen frequencyn. See halftone.
`
`screen grabbern. See grabber (definition 3).
`
`
`
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`temporary file
`
`terminal server
`
`grams, a predesigned spreadsheet that contains formulas,
`labels, and other elements. 4. In MS-DOS, a small portion
`of memory that holds the most recently typed MS-DOS
`command.5. In word processing and desktop publishing
`programs, a predesigned documentthat contains format-
`ting and, in many cases, generic text.
`
`Terminal n. An application that provides command-line
`access to the Mac OS X UNIX core. The Terminal com-
`mand-line environment allows UNIX functions from
`within Mac OS X.
`
`Terminal Access Controller Access Control System
`n. See TACACS.
`
`temporaryfile n. A file created either in memory or on
`disk, by the operating system or some other program, to
`be used during a session and then discarded. Also called:
`tempfile. See also scratch’.
`
`terminal adapter n. The correct name for an ISDN
`modem, which connects a PC to an ISDNline but does not
`modulate or demodulate signals as a typical modem does.
`
`terminal emulation 1. The imitation of a terminal by
`temporary storage n. A region in memory or onastorage
`using software that conforms to a standard, such as the
`devicethat is temporarily allocated for use in storing interme-
`ANSI standard for terminal emulation. Terminal-emula-
`diate data in a computational, sorting, or transfer operation.
`
`ten’s complement 7. A numberin the base-10 system
`that is the true complement of another numberand is
`derived either by subtracting each digit from | less than
`the base and adding | to the result or by subtracting each
`number from the next higher powerof the base. For exam-
`ple, the ten’s complementof 25 is 75, and it can be derived
`either by subtracting each digit from 9, whichis | less
`than the base (9 -— 2 = 7, 9-5 =4) and then adding | (74+
`| = 75) or by subtracting 25 from the next higher power of
`10, which is 100 (100 — 25 = 75). See also complement.
`Compare nine’s complement.
`| trillion in the Amer-
`tera- prefix A prefix meaning 10!*:
`ican numbering system, | million million in British
`numbering. Abbreviation: T. See also terabyte.
`
`terabyte n. A measurement used for high-capacity data
`storage. One terabyte equals 24, or 1,099,51 1,627,776,
`bytes, although it is commonly interpreted as simply one
`trillion bytes. Abbreviation: TB.
`
`teraflops n. Onetrillion floating-point operations
`(FLOPS) per second.Teraflops serves as a benchmark for
`larger computers that measures the numberof floating-
`point operations they can perform in a set amountoftime.
`Also called: TFLOPS. See also FLOPS.
`
`terminal 7. 1. In networking, a device consisting of a video
`adapter, a monitor, and a keyboard. The adapter and moni-
`tor and, sometimes, the keyboard are typically combined in
`a single unit. A terminal does little or no computer process-
`ing on its own; instead, it is connected to a computer with a
`communicationslink over a cable. Terminals are used pri-
`marily in multiuser systems and today are not often found
`on single-user personal computers. See also dumb terminal,
`smart terminal, terminal emulation. 2. In electronics, a point
`that can be physically linked to something else, usually by a
`wire, to form anelectrical connection.
`
`tion software is used to make a microcomputeract asif it
`were a particular type of terminal while it is communicat-
`ing with another computer, such as a mainframe. See also
`VT-52, VT-100, VT-200.
`
`terminal server n. In a LAN (local area network), a com-
`puter or a controller that allows terminals, microcomput-
`ers, and other devices to connect to a network or host
`computer, or to devices attached to that particular com-
`puter. See theillustration. See alse controller, LAN,
`microcomputer, terminal.
`
`Network
`computer
`
` Terminal
`
`server
`
`Terminal server.
`
`515
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`Google Exhibit 1012 - Google v. CSI
`IPR2025-00877 - Page 008
`
`